Spray dryers are a type of industrial equipment used to convert liquid or slurry materials into dry powders. The process involves atomizing the liquid into a fine mist and then introducing it into a hot drying chamber. As the droplets come into contact with the hot air, the moisture rapidly evaporates, leaving behind fine, dry particles that are collected as powder. The key components of a spray dryer include an atomizer (which can be a rotary wheel or nozzle), a drying chamber, a hot air supply, and a collection system for the dried product. Spray drying is widely used in industries such as food, pharmaceuticals, and chemicals due to its ability to produce uniform, fine powders with controlled particle sizes. Advantages of spray drying include rapid drying, the ability to handle heat-sensitive materials, and the production of powders with good flow properties. However, the process can be energy-intensive and may require significant capital investment. Additionally, the efficiency of spray drying can be affected by factors such as feed properties, air temperature, and atomization method, necessitating careful optimization for each specific application.